Risks and costs of buying
and owning private Property in Spain in 2012/2013
(21. November 2012)
1. Introduction
Nobody should buy a house or a flat in Spain without taking a very close look at
the costs beyond the purchase price. There are a lot of aspects a buyer should
be informed of and we will discuss the main topics in this raw overview. This
overwiew about the legal frame of the costs ob buying property in Spain will
exclude the legal aspects of buying a property through a company and for
business reasons, because these are very special scenarios. We will discuss
these aspects in a separate article in the near future.
By the way and this is an old wisdom: Don’t do
anything only because of some tax aspects as important they may be.
In this overwiew we explain the main costs. There
are a number of costs and taxes over and above the property price that you will
have to pay to the seller or the state or for service reasons. The detailed
circumstances are depending upon whether you will buy a new property from a
developer or a resale property from a private individual and you can even act
as an investor on your own. In the following passages we will explain the
different scenarios. The transaction costs usually consist of the costs and
fees for the Notary, the Register and the Gestoria and applicable taxes, but
don’t forget about insurance. With the exemption of “Plusvalia” and a special
capital gain tax they are normally imposed on the buyer, although the –
dispositive – legal model in Art. 1455 CC states a – not strictly legal binding
- half - and - half - model. You have to calculate more or less 10 – 15 % average
costs, but it depends on the individual case.
2. The real Purchase Price as the first risk:
Trial and Error?
Basically a buyer of a Real – Estate – Object in
Spain has to deal with three awards: the estimated value
of the property (Tax Office, Banks), the price that is actually paid and the
price that is registered in the Land Register following the Escritura. As we
all know: in earlier years it was more or less usual to name the real purchase
price only in the private buying contract – if ever - and a lower price in the
“official” contract, which is recorded by an spanish Notary (usually defined in
Spain as “Escritura”). The difference was paid in “cash” from the buyer to the
seller, eye to eye. But since 2001 Money Laundering Rules got busted all over
Europe and the western world and in it’s consequence in Spain too. Under these
circumstances “Securitisation” can become a very risky business and we warn you
to act that way.
With Ley Nr. 36/2006 the spanish Cortez stated in
a then more or less new regulation that all parties of a Real – Estate –
Contract are obligated to give all vouchers regarding to the transfer of the
purchase price (account statements, bank transfers, Cheques, Bank Acceptance,
etc.) to the recording Notary, who is obligated to attach such documents to the
Escritura. It’s not unsual until now, to make the aspects of the transfer of
money only clear between both parties to such a contract, without assistence of
a legal professionell. To work at such things without professional legal Advise
is a great risk. Since this regulation came up the related parties of such
contracts were obligated to establish value market prices, which could be
controlled by Spanish Tax Offices and they control it more and more. The
intensity of this control was vary from town to town over the years. Because of
this regulation the so called “Securisation” has become a risky business since
2006 and no Lawyer, Tax Consultant or Notary will advise you to do such a risky
business, even if the practicing in some regions might be a little bit different
from the letters of law. If Hacienda will find out such things all relevant
taxes have to pay on the difference between the paid price and the value fixed
by Hacienda. In a lot of cases it makes sense to oppose to such tax assessment
notices.
There is another aspect buyers and sellers should
be aware of: Prevention of Money Laundering. For several times Financial Action
Task Force in Paris (FATF) has assessed Spain’s anti-money laundering and
counter-terrorist financing (AML/CFT) standards. In August 2012 the US State
Department stated in their Money Laundering Report – 2012 that Spain is still a major European center of
money laundering activities, although the actual spanish Regulation is
absolutely conform with the Third Money Laundering Directive of the European
Union (Ley 10/2010), which is under pressure of FATF at
the moment and because of this Germany and Italy have sharpened their rules in a
kind of a anticipatory obedience.
Spain
enacted „Ley 10/2010“, which transformed the principles of the 3. EU-Anti-Money-Laundering-Directive
into spanish Law. This „Ley
10/2010“ from the 28th of April 2010 has the following title: „De prevención
del blanqueo de capitales y de la financiación del terrorismo“. It obligates financial institutions and other industries including Notaries, Lawyers and Tax Consultants
to prevent Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism. Of course it installs a
network of a rigid state control in a free market. In Spain Money Laundering is an offense against Penal Law
(Art. 301 – 304 Código Penal) if one brings “Black Money” into the national
money circuit. Such an offense is punishable by up to 6 years in prison in Spain. Particularly serious is the offense of Money - Laundering –
Rules, if the money comes from drug trafficking, corruption or crimes against urban
laws, especially in connection with Real – Estate - Projects.
Of course the laundry of evaded taxes
is a crime too, especially
if the money comes from a non-original
offense. Any Investor whereever in Europe should now the
basic facts about this rules to avoid problems with State Offices, Police and
Justice.
With a
new regulation which is in effectivity from the 19/11/2012 (http://www.minhap.gob.es/es-ES/Paginas/Luchacontraelfraude.aspx)
the control over money transfer shall get much better in Spain. It is part of a
greater Anti – Tax – Fraud – Strategy of the spanish Government as one reaction
to the fiscal crisis in Spain. This new Law is called “Anteproyecto de ley de modificación de la
normativita tributaria y presupuestia y de aduaciación de la normativa
financiera para la intensificación de las actuaciones en la prevención y lucha
contra el fraude”. With this law it will amended that transactions above
2.500,00 Euros can not be paid in cash anymore (“en effectivo”) when one of the
parties involved is acting as a company or as a professional (Real – Estate –
Agent, Lawyer, Notary, Tax Consultant, etc.). The definition of “Cash” appears
in Article 34.2 of the Spanish prevention of Money Laundering Law 10/2010.
This regulation will not take place if parties will transfer a purchase price
in private as far as it seems at the moment. This amount will raise up to
15,000 Euros when the party that settles an invoice is an individual non - resident
and of course not acting as an entrepreneur or professional in Spain. The
corresponding penalty will be imposed 25% of the base. It is the target
of this new regulation to prohibit money transfers in cash and to control more
or less all transfers caused by contracts to fulfil the high standards of FART.
Compared with Italy or Germany it is a more or less relativly
“liberal” regulation. All parties involved should keep the proof of payment,
for a period of five years from the date of payment on. People who are willing
to invest in Spain should know the basics of these Money – Laundering - Regulations.
The payer and the recipient, will be jointly liable for any committed
infringement.
Be aware that the Spanish tax offices are
actively on the hunt for non tax payers, so don’t play around with tax duties. You
would be good advised to consult tax experts to avoid any problems.
3. Purchasing a new building from a developer: IVA
& Actos Jurídicos Documentados
There some differences whether you buy an
object from a developer or in private, regarding to the tax – situation,
although the warranty claims in Civil Law (following Art. 1481 C.C. and L.O.E.
= Law of Building Ordinances) are nearly the same. We will discuss civil – law
- topics in a separate article in the near future.
The system itself is more or less simple to
discribe: If you buy a Real Estate for residential purposes from a professional
developer you have to pay 10 % IVA (VAT in Great Britain) from 01.01.2013 on (2012: 4 % IVA).
If a contractor was instructed to
prepare a turnkey home,
you have to pay 10 % IVA too. The same is with conversions. If one is the first
buyer of a serviced plot to buy a new Real – Estate – Object you have to pay 18
% IVA in 2012 and 21 % IVA in 2013. It’s all the same, if such a serviced plot
will be sold by a Businessman (or a Company) who has to pay IVA by himself. If
one buys such an object from a private seller which was used before he has to
pay Land Acquisition Tax instead of IVA
(ITP).
If a Spanish
property will be sold by a non-resident owner this purchase will be charged with
capital gains tax at 21%, with a 3% withholding provision, the so called
“retención”. In this case the buyer is obliged to retain 3% of the price. He
has to pay it immediately after the purchase to the tax authorities to cover
the vendor’s tax liabilities. In problematic cases in can took years to get the
money back. For example, this is possible, if the vendor’s tax bill is greater
than the 3% retention.
In addition to this Stamp duty (known as AJD)
is normally 1% of the price of the purchase. It might go up in some regions
(Islas Baleares, from the 01.01.2013: 1,2 % AJD). Both VAT and Stamp Duty have
to be paid by the buyer. Because of the European Regulations of VAT any deposit
which is paid before the completion of the sale, will be subject to VAT at the
moment of making the payment of this deposit. This situation is an argument to
buy in 2012, if one wants to buy Property in Spain, but the time is getting shorter
and shorter.
4. Purchasing “Second Hand”: Impuesto sobre
Transmisiones Patrimoniales – ITP
This Land Acquisition Tax applies if the property you bought was sold before (so
called: “Second Hand Purchase”). This Tax has to pay by the buyer and if any
deposit is paid before completion of this sale it is not subject to ITP (Impuesto
sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales) pro rata, but the full amount of ITP has to
be paid upon the completion of the sale. Stamp duty is already included in this
tax.
This Transfer - Tax - Rate varies by autonomous regions and property value,
actually between 7 and 10 %. There have been lots of rate changes in the last
years since the economic crisis grows in Spain. In general ITP is at 7%, but because
of the ongoing economic crisis and their consequences some autonomous regions
raised it to 8% or higher.
For example - Islas Baleares: 7% (from 01.01.2013: 8 %) until a purchase price
of 300.000 Euro. From 300.001 Euro until 500.000 Euro the tax is 8% and from
500.001 Euro until 700.000 Euro the tax is 9%. Above 700.001 Euro a buyer has
to pay 10 %.
But take care: these tarifs are progressive. If
your object has a value of 680.000 Euro you have to pay 7% (8%) for the first
300.000 Euro and 8% for the rest.
5. Common costs for buyers and/or sellers
a) Real – Estate – Agency Fees
For usual agency fees or commissions has to be paid
only by the seller. This is not a legal duty, but it’s a common use in Spain. The details are depending on the
Agreement between Seller and the Real – Estate – Agent on one hand and between
Buyer and Real – Estate – Agent on the other hand. Agencies handling official
matters (Gestorias) have to be payed by the buyer. It’s a good advise to dig
the services of such agencies, because they have the knowledge about the local
bureaucracies, know the people with whom you have to deal with and they know
“the spanish Labyrinth” very exactly.
It is far better to use agents to find property
in Spain then to act without professional consulting. Sellers
should be aware that agents charge between 2% and 15% of the sale price. If a
buyer has not specifically agreed to pay the agent’s fee this cost will be
built into the sale price and the details are part of the agreement between
Seller and Real – Estate - Agent (so called: Inside Commission). For all
parties it would be better to act on behalf of a written agreement.
b) Legal Fees
You are strongly advised to hire a lawyer (Abogado)
to help you during the buying process. There
are a lot of lawyers from foreign countries in Spain, which do good work and even
Lawyers outside of Spain with a good knowledge of Spanish
Law. Your lawyer drafts and reviews contracts on your behalf and can explain
all the legal and administrative issues you face, often in cooperation with a
Gestoria and Tax Consultants. Your lawyer should also carry out any necessary due
diligence (checking ownership claim of the seller, charges on the property,
permits, etc.) and arrange all the required documents to complete the process
(property registration, tax payments, etc.) until your date with a Spanish
Notary and furthermore.
A lawyer – Abogado in Spanish – will charge you according to the service you
require. This will vary according to the complexity of the purchase. Many
charges are around 1% of the purchase price in legal fees. Your best option is
to try and find a good lawyer who is prepared to charge on an hourly basis.
Legal fees for a smaller purchase without any complications and charged on an
hourly basis should be fixed in the region of 1.000 to 2.500 Euros, but – of
course – it depends on the complexity of the purchase.
c) Mortgage costs
If you choose to buy with a mortgage then this
will incur several additional costs. There are some differences if you will
finance with a Bank from outside of Spain or a Bank in Spain. Since the financial crises begun,
such Banks are taking a sharp look on the Buyers financial situation. This is
for all parts of such a deal better than the opposite.
The maximum credit for Non – Residents is until
60 % at Maximum, while the maximum – credit for Residents will be until 80 % at
Maximum in cases of very special credit worthiness. Some Banks – especially in Great Britain – offer 100 %, but this can get
very risky for a buyer. After the proof of the credit worthiness of a potential
buyer there will be a property valuation. The costs of the property valuation
are normally paid by the buyer and can cost around 500 – 1.000 Euros. Normally
this provement makes the purchase more secure, because banks normally don’t
want to loose money. Then there will be the costs of the mortgage itself. This
varies according to the provider, and even according to the particular branch,
so a buyer should look around.
For usual there is some kind of opening fee of
around 1% of the value of the mortgage and of course, a mortgage will increase
the Notary expenses. Don’t worry if your bank isn’t present in your area. If so
they will send special Gestoria to subscribe the deed in the name and in power
of attorney for this bank.
Interest rates on mortgages in
Spain are nearly always based on the Euribor, which is at a low rate at the
moment (0.615 % in November 2012). Actually Spanish banks currently offer interesting rates from between 1%
– 1.5% + Euribor, if there is enough credit worthiness. Some Mortgage Contracts
have a running time of 5, 10, 15 or 20 years, but it depends on whether you are
a resident or not. A lot of banks prefer contracts with a variable
interest rate. The current
variable rate is about 4.7% plus the usual early write-off fee of around 1%.
d) Notary Expenses
Notary expenses are nearly always paid by the
buyer and are calculated in relation to the purchase price declared in the purchase
contract. The expenses of a Spanish Notary are ruled legally in the regulatory
scale of fees from 11/17/1989. If the value of deed is certain,
the fees are between 0,3 -. 1,5 % of the purchase prize until a value of around
6.000.000 Euros. Beyond this mark it depends on a free agreement with a Notary.
Below this mark there is for legal reason no possibility to negociate about the
fees. Additional costs for executed copies and similiar things are
possible.
e) Property Registry Inscription Fees
Expenses related to inscribing the sale with
the land registry are nearly always to pay by the buyer because of a clause in
the notarized agreement. They are calculated in relation to the purchase price
declared in the deeds of sale. You should calculate 1% of the purchase price
declared in the deeds, but it depends upon the property and the area in Spain.
6. Costs of owning and selling property in Spain – a raw and
incomplete overwiew
a) The renewed Annual Wealth Tax
Because of the great deficit of State in Spain the Spanish Government reactivated
the Wealth Tax which was abolished in 2007 (01.01.2008) in April 2012, but only
for 2011 and 2012 (prolongation possible). The critical mark is a wealth of
more than 700.000 Euros. The Tax – Free – Allowance is much higher than in 2007
(108.182 Euro). Taxable are Properties, Cars, Bank – Accounts, Live –
Insurances and similiar values. The first domicile where a taxable person lives
as a Resident in Spain is free from this tax until a value
of 300.000 Euro (2007: 150.000 Euros). This regulation is not applicable for
Non – Residents. This tax is also not applicable if the property is owned by a
company, which is a new argument for thinking of such strategies. It could be a
good idea to search for an Advise from a Tax – Consultant or a Lawyer.
This Regulation wasn’t set up for Residents on
Islas Baleares until now, because of concurrent legal competencies between the
central Government of Spain and the Autonomies of Spain. Nothwithstanding
the competencies of the Spanish Government in Madrid the Autonomias are able to
modify these Tax, so it depends on the Autonomy in Spain (so far it’s nearly
the same as with Inheritance Tax in Spain).
From 2013 on Residents on Islas Baleares have
to pay a Wealth Tax between 0,2 % and 0,5 %, so far they have a wealth from
over 1.000.000 Euro until 2014. The background is the great budget deficit even
in the richest Autonomy of Spain. This new Tax will concern roundabout 6000
Persons on these Islands. The Government hopes that they will have solved the economical
problems in 2014 and we all wish that too.
b) Property Ownership
Tax (Impuesto Sobre Bienes Inmuebles – IBI)
IBI is a local tax for owners of Property in Spain. As all Taxes in Spain they have to be payed on time.
There are no extensions of deadlines for Tax – Payments in Spain, so you are good advised to look
for a Tax Consultant in Spain as your Representant in tax related
matters. This Tax has to be payed whether you are a Resident in Spain or not. It is calculated on the
basis of the valor catastral. This is an administrative value which is normally
lower than the market value, but sometimes it’s considerably so. This local Tax
is set by the local town hall and goes from 0.4% – 1.1% of the valor catastral
depending on the Spanish region. Normally is has to be payed quaterly.
c) Personal Income Tax for Non –
Residents (Impuesto sobre la Renta de No Residentes – IRNR)
Non-residents who own property in Spain have to pay an annual income tax. It
varies according to whether the property is rented out or not. We will give you
the hint that short – time – renting-out to tourists is not allowed in all
Communities for legal reasons because of the Tourism – Decret (Real Decreto
2877/1982) and local Regulations. You should look for such limitations if you
have such plans.
If Non – Resident – Property – Owners do not
rent – out their property and will not have any other Insome – Sources in Spain
they have to pay an Income Tax based on the value of their property, because
the have a taxable benefit of their home, following the spanish legislation. This
tax rate is fixed as 24,75% (in 2012 and 2013) of 2% of the valor catastral of
the property. For several reasons every owner should know the valor catastral
of his property. If your property has a valor catastral of 500,000 Euros the taxable
base is 2% (= 10,000 Euros), so the Tax is (24,75% of this value) 2,475 Euros.
The calculation for non-residents is far
different from that, if they rent out their property and receive an income in
exchange for renting it out. In this case they are – for sure - obliged by law
to declare this income and pay taxes on it. The income is the net rent per
year, which is the tax base. The tax rate is at 24,75 % for 2012 und 2013
(until 2006 it was 25 %).
It’s not possible to say much more about this,
because the result depends on your individual tax situation and each person’s
particular circumstances. In many cases non-residents simply pay a flat rate of
25% of the gross income they earn from their property in Spain if they choose this alternative. The
tax rate depends on the level of income.
d) Plusvalia
The Plusvalía - Tax is a special local / municipal tax. This tax only applies
to a increase in value of the land upon which a urban properties are built,
based on the level of value catastral at the time of the purchase of the
property by a buyer. The amount depends on the period the seller has owned this
property. Normally this tax has to be payed by the seller, but it is possible to
shift that burden of tax to the buyer in the notarized purchase contract,
differing from region to region. This practise is unsual in regions like Costa Brava and the Costa Dorada, but it is
possible in the Costa Del Sol and the Islas Baleares and it depends on negoticians.
e) Profit – Gain – Taxes for Residents
and Non - Residents
If a Non – Resident in Spain transfers his property he has to
pay a special Income – Tax (Impuesto de la Ley de Impuestos sobre la renta de
los No – Residentes, LIRNR, Ley 41/1998), which is completely separeted from
Plusvalia, so these taxes should not mixed up with each other. Residents have
to pay such a tax too, with some exemptions if the property is their main
domicile or the seller is older than 65 years. Since January 2012 Residents
have to pay 21 % until 6000 Euro profit - gain, 25 % for a profit – gain
between 6.001 until 24.000 Euros and 27 % from 24.000,01 Euros on. Non – Residents
have to pay 21 %, complety independent from any Double Taxation Treaties.
f) Income Taxes (only
some general hints)
- Residents
Every person which has his domicile in Spain and gains an regularly income in
Spain has in general the duty to make an Income Tax Return (declaración de la
renta) year by year until the 2. of July for every year for the complete income
(IRPF: Impuesta sobre la Renta de las Personas Físicas; Ley 35/2006 and Decreto
Real 439/2007).
If you spend more than cumulative 183 days in Spain (or you have your centre of
economic or vital interests there) during the tax period (calendar year) you
will become a Spanish tax resident, if you like it or not. A resident
of Spain is liable for tax on their worldwide income at
scale rates after any available allowances and deductions. This tax duty
depends not on a formal residence permit. This Rule is not a spanish
speciality, because it is part of more or less lots of Double Tax Agreements,
following the model code by OECD. The tarifs are (until 2014) between 24 % and 52
% at maximum at a yearly income above 300.000 Euros.
- Non – Residents
This duty belongs to Non – Residents too, if they have any regularly income in Spain (IRNR: Impuesto sobre la Renta de
no Residentes, Decreto Real 5/2004). A non-resident of Spain is liable for Spanish income tax
only on Spanish income. Six months after the change of his domicile he can
choose for the next five years if he wants to be taxable following IRPF or IRNR, but only if he works as an Employee
in Spain. In this case the tax rate is 24,75 % at fixed
rates, but with no allowances or deductions. This Income Tax Return has to be
made until the 31.12. of every year. Normally it costs fines to cross this deadline.
7. Insurances are very
important (House and Content Insurance)
Whatever Investment a Buyer will make in Spain, it is absolutely essential to have
some information about house insurance in Spain. The policies differ a lot and
there are different models for Holiday Houses (rented or not rented) and
Insurance for permanent resident properties. Without a House Insurance it is
not possible to get any Mortgage from any Bank. It is not necessary to take a
Spanish insurance, because you can normally choose Insurance Companies in
between the borders of the European Union. What insurance a Householder needs
depends on the individual situation of the owner and – surely - the type of
property he owns.
All kinds of Building Insurances generally
cover the actual structure of a Property as outbuildings, walls, garages, gates
and fences. It covers the owner of a Property both against indemnities and cost
of repairs, debris removal and professional fees following loss or damage
caused by fire, storm, flood and earthquakes. There are Spanish policies which
may exclude swimming pools and outbuildings from coverage, so it makes sense to
proove the policy very closely. The insurance depends not on the market value,
but on the potential costs to rebuild the building completely in the present
form. If your Property is part of a complex or apartment block (it might be an
“Urbanización” after Spanish Law) it is possible that your condominium fees may
include community buildings insurance. The coverage depends on the policy and
they differ a lot, but in general this coverage is limited to communal areas (walkways,
pipes, windows, etc.). Lots of community covers are very basic. In this case you
may need an additional Insurance Solution to ensure that you are properly
protected. Most policies will also include a level of third party liability
cover. Third party liability in Spain is usually low relative to other
countries, so there is every need to take a close look on the policy. It is no
mistake at all to have a standalone Third Party Liability Insurance.
Concerning to Holiday Houses most Spanish house
insurance policies exclude cover when a property is unoccupied and some others insist
that the water system is drained during periods of unoccupancy, or the property
is heated constantly to a certain minimum temperature in winter, so you should a
policy that doesn't include complex unoccupancy requirements. Surely, the more
you want to cover, the more it costs.
In addition to what is said before you need a
Contents Insurance too. In general contents insurance covers typically include
general contents within the home (furniture, electrical equipment, etc.). Most
of the policies cover your contents in the event of storm, fire, flood and
theft. The insurance sum depends on the costs to replace your contents on a new
for old basis at today's prices. If you have a lot of IT – Sources in your
house you should cover them with an IT – Insurance too. In addition to all of
this it will be never a fault in Spain to have an Insurance against legal
costs (Legal Expenses Insurance).